First detailed look at how molecular Ferris wheel delivers protons to cellular factories

All cells with nuclei, from yeast to humans, are organized like cities, with a variety of small compartments—organelles—that serve as factories where various types of work are done. Some of those factories, like the ones that break down and recycle molecules, need to continually pump in protons—hydrogen atoms with their electrons stripped off—to maintain the acidic environment they need to do their job. For this they rely on molecular Ferris wheels.