135 articles from MONDAY 2.5.2022
Using 'counterfactuals' to verify predictions of drug safety
Scientists rely increasingly on models trained with machine learning to provide solutions to complex problems. But how do we know the solutions are trustworthy when the complex algorithms the models use are not easily interrogated or able to explain their decisions to humans?
Affirmative action bans had 'devastating impact' on diversity in medical schools, study finds
- ScienceDaily
- 22/5/2 23:09
In states with bans on affirmative action programs, the proportion of students from underrepresented racial and ethnic minority groups in U.S. public medical schools fell by more than one-third by five years after those bans went into effect, according to a new study.
Precipitation helped drive distribution of Alaska dinosaurs
- ScienceDaily
- 22/5/2 23:09
Precipitation more than temperature influenced the distribution of herbivorous dinosaurs in what is now Alaska, according to new research. The finding discusses the distribution of hadrosaurids and ceratopsids -- the megaherbivores of the Late Cretaceous Period, 100.5 million to 66 million years ago.
'Resetting' the injured brain offers clues for concussion treatment
- ScienceDaily
- 22/5/2 23:09
New research in mice raises the prospects for development of post-concussion therapies that could ward off cognitive decline and depression, two common conditions among people who have experienced a moderate traumatic brain injury.
Researchers develop powerful strategy for creating new-to-nature enzymes
- ScienceDaily
- 22/5/2 23:09
Scientists achieve a novel biocatalytic reaction by repurposing natural enzymes with light, which could lead to valuable new chemical compounds.
Discovery about coral-algal symbiosis could help coral reefs recover after bleaching events
- ScienceDaily
- 22/5/2 23:09
Although photosynthesis by algae is a key part of the symbiotic relationship it is not required to initiate symbiosis. The discovery adds to the little-understood relationship between cnidarians and algae at the molecular level and offers insight into how to jump start the symbiotic relationship between the two organisms after a bleaching event. It could also lead to strategies that might prevent...
Process aims to strip ammonia from wastewater
- ScienceDaily
- 22/5/2 23:09
Engineers have developed a high-performance nanowire catalyst that pulls ammonia and solid ammonia (fertilizer) from nitrate, a common contaminant in industrial wastewater and polluted groundwater.
Researchers bridge the gap between disciplines to better understand chemical reactions
- ScienceDaily
- 22/5/2 23:09
Researchers are yielding new insights into how chemical reactions can be understood and guided.
Scientists map living corals before and after marine heat wave: Winners and losers discovered
- ScienceDaily
- 22/5/2 23:08
Scientists reveal that different corals and environments influence the likelihood of their survival when ocean temperatures rise. The findings also demonstrate that advanced remote sensing technologies provide an opportunity to scale-up reef monitoring like never before.
Carbon, climate change and ocean anoxia in an ancient icehouse world
- ScienceDaily
- 22/5/2 23:08
A new study describes a period of rapid global climate change in an ice-capped world much like the present -- but 304 million years ago. Within about 300,000 years, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels doubled, oceans became anoxic, and biodiversity dropped on land and at sea.
New process aims to strip ammonia from wastewater
A dash of ruthenium atoms on a mesh of copper nanowires could be one step toward a revolution in the global ammonia industry that also helps the environment.
Precipitation helped drive distribution of Alaska dinosaurs
Precipitation more than temperature influenced the distribution of herbivorous dinosaurs in what is now Alaska, according to new research published this month.
Researchers bridge the gap between disciplines to better understand chemical reactions
Simon Fraser University researchers are yielding new insights into how chemical reactions can be understood and guided. Results of their interdisciplinary approach have been published in Physical Review Letters.
Telescope dons 'sunglasses' to find brightest-ever pulsar
An international research team, including scientists at Australia's national science agency, CSIRO, has used a new observation technique to discover the brightest extragalactic pulsar known, and it could even be the most luminous one ever found.
Park rangers use butterflies to take planet's pulse in a biodiversity hotspot
In 2017, a group of scientists raised alarm bells by showing that flying insects had declined in Germany by more than 70% in the three preceding decades. Studies before and since then have shown similar patterns in insects on a global scale. But with 1 million known species—and conservative estimates indicating there are millions more awaiting discovery—there aren't nearly enough entomologists...
With climate catastrophe looming, experts say world also needs carbon removal solutions
Elisabeth Gilmore compares the world's urgent need to find alternatives to remove excess carbon dioxide from the air to a family bank balance depleted by a shopping spree.
Automated synthesis allows for discovery of unexpected charge transport behavior in organic molecules
A cross-disciplinary University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) team has demonstrated a major breakthrough in using automated synthesis to discover new molecules for organic electronics applications.
Discovery about coral-algal symbiosis could help coral reefs recover after bleaching events
Corals are keystone species for reef and marine ecosystems but coral bleaching due to climate change and ocean warming is killing them. A new open access study by researchers at the University of California, Riverside, aims to shed light on how to reverse the damage and save corals.
Researchers develop powerful strategy for creating new-to-nature enzymes
Engineering enzymes to perform reactions not found in nature can address longstanding challenges in the world of synthetic chemistry, such as upgrading plant-based oils into useful biochemicals.
Study finds how Acinetobacter baumannii survives without water on hospital surfaces
The pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii can survive on hospital surfaces—without water—for months, an ability that has helped it become a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections.
Team develops method to increase gene editing efficiency while minimizing DNA deletion sizes
Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM) scientists working on CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing technology have developed a method to increase efficiency of editing while minimizing DNA deletion sizes, a key step toward developing gene editing therapies to treat genetic diseases.
Highly valuable Asian rosewood trees face a host of threats to survival
Safeguarding native tree diversity through improved conservation and restoration efforts is at a critical juncture in Southeast Asia, as many tree species face threats from habitat loss, fire and climate change, among other human-caused threats. A new study has used a spatially explicit framework to identify species-specific priority areas for conservation and restoration among rosewood species in...
Researchers home in on Thera volcano eruption date
A University of Arizona tree-ring expert is closer than ever to pinning down the date of the infamous Thera volcano eruption—a goal she has pursued for decades.
Photons can enable real-time physical random bit generation for information security app
Cryptographic systems and information security rely on unpredictable, unmanipulable random bits that are physical in nature. Especially in the context of private key systems that enable unconditional security via "one-time-pad" cryptography, the real-time generation rate of physical random bits critically determines the secure communication rate.
Augmented reality devices in the workplace boost short-term productivity, risk long-term innovation and efficiency
Companies that utilize augmented reality (AR) glasses as a new training and workforce tool to increase worker productivity risk stunting workforce innovation and ingenuity, according to new research findings published in the INFORMS journal Manufacturing & Service Operations Management.
Scientists describe a gravity telescope that could image exoplanets
In the time since the first exoplanet was discovered in 1992, astronomers have detected more than 5,000 planets orbiting other stars. But when astronomers detect a new exoplanet, we don't learn a lot about it: We know that it exists and a few features about it, but the rest is a mystery.
Natural gas could bridge gap from gasoline to electric vehicles, thanks to metal-organic frameworks
As the world turns its attention to electric vehicles as a replacement for gas-powered cars and trucks, some vehicles such as long-haul trucks and planes will need a bridge between gas and electric.
Carbon, climate change and ocean anoxia in an ancient icehouse world
A new study describes a period of rapid global climate change in an ice-capped world much like the present—but 304 million years ago. Within about 300,000 years, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels doubled, oceans became anoxic, and biodiversity dropped on land and at sea.
Scientists map living corals for the first time before and after marine heat wave: Winners and losers discovered
As the world sees rising ocean temperatures, it will also see more cases of coral bleaching. When corals bleach, they become more vulnerable to other stressors such as water pollution. However, many reefs harbor corals that persist despite warming oceans. Unraveling the complex issue of coral bleaching and its impact on their survival or death may be key to conserving coral reefs— ecosystems...
Park rangers use butterflies to take planet's pulse in a biodiversity hotspot
- ScienceDaily
- 22/5/2 20:26
For the last decade, biologists have documented a worrying decline in insect abundance, which some fear may prelude an arthropod apocalypse. These studies, however, are primarily carried out in temperature regions while the tropics, which harbor the vast majority of insect species, largely remains a black box. In a new study, biologists turn to the aid of park rangers in Ecuador's Yasuní National...
Researchers home in on Thera volcano eruption date
- ScienceDaily
- 22/5/2 20:26
Tree-ring, ice core and volcano experts teamed up to identify one of the most climatically impactful volcanic eruptions in 4,000 years -- Aniakchak II. In the process, they narrowed down potential dates for the Thera volcano eruption.
Aging and fake news: It's not the story you think it is
- ScienceDaily
- 22/5/2 20:22
A new study has found that older adults are no more likely to fall for fake news than younger adults, with age-related susceptibility to deceptive news evident only among those categorized as the 'oldest old.'
Geophysics: Better insights into Earth's interior
- ScienceDaily
- 22/5/2 20:21
Geophysicists have developed a method that allows them to investigate the composition of the Earth with better results.
A long-forgotten toxic dump site is raising new worries for this Los Angeles neighborhood
In the summer of 1984, investigators peered into a cave dug beneath the Lincoln Heights neighborhood of Los Angeles and found dozens of rusted 55-gallon barrels filled with toxic chemicals.
Strong solar flare erupts from sun
The sun emitted a strong solar flare on April 30, 2022, peaking at 9:47 a.m. EDT. NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory, which watches the sun constantly, captured an image of the event.
Lighting the tunnel of plant evolution: Scientists explore the importance of two-pore channels in plants
Two-pore channels (TPCs) are ancient ion channels present in the cells of both animals and plants. In animals, including humans, these ion channels play important roles in biological activities in various tissues, such as in the brain and nervous system. All land plant species contain TPC genes; in many higher vascular plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and Oryza sativa (rice), a...
Enzymes discovered in capybara gut could accelerate utilization of agroindustrial waste
Converting agroindustrial waste into molecules of interest to society, such as biofuels and biochemicals, is one of the ways to mitigate dependence on oil and other fossil fuels. As one of the world's largest producers of plant biomass, Brazil is well-placed to lead this transition, but lignocellulosic raw materials (containing lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose) are hard to deconstruct, or (more...
As climate shifts, species will need to relocate, and people may have to help them
Climate change is already affecting plants and animals worldwide and is a growing threat to biodiversity, adding a new layer to the existing challenges of habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, and overexploitation.
Using tiny sensors to monitor migrating monarchs
Millions of monarch butterflies migrate each fall to a specific cluster of mountain peaks in central Mexico. How exactly they navigate to their winter home, and the way they choose their path, is a topic of great interest to scientists—especially as climate change redirects their chosen path.
Research team unravels the trick of evolving the GTP sensor
An international team of researchers have discovered how a tumor-promoting kinase evolves into a GTP sensor kinase.
New California bill could require 'blue carbon' to offset coastal development
Public developments on the California coast would be required to capture carbon in wetlands or other natural systems under an Assembly bill that calls for projects to add "blue carbon" measures to their mitigation plans.
Tree loss in tropics casts doubt over climate goals
Tropical regions of the world lost 11.1 million hectares of forest cover in 2021, new data shows, calling into question global pledges to end deforestation by 2030.
Idaho water officials issue emergency drought declaration for majority of state
The Idaho Department of Water Resources on Friday issued an emergency drought declaration for all but 10 of the state's 44 counties.
We've created a device that could allow instant disease diagnosis, while fitting inside your phone lens
Infectious diseases such as malaria remain a leading cause of death in many regions. This is partly because people there don't have access to medical diagnostic tools that can detect these diseases (along with a range of non-infectious diseases) at an early stage, when there is more scope for treatment.