Light-controlled 'drug-free' macromolecules for precise tumor therapy

Drug-free macromolecular therapies can induce cell apoptosis by clustering non-internalizing cell-surface receptors. These show enormous promise in tumor treatment, particularly in terms of non-specific toxicities when compared with low-molecular-weight drugs. However, most reported drug-free macromolecular therapies involve a 'two-step' administration manner and there is a paucity of in vivo research.